Learner Guide for a Level Economics - 4716 Words

Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics How to use this guide The guide describes what you need to know about your Economics examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme and will explain what Cambridge International Examinations is looking for. The guide contains the following sections: Section 1: How will you be tested? This section will give you information about the different examination papers you will take. Section 2: Examination tips This section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the tips are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams. Section 3: What will be tested? This section†¦show more content†¦Do not answer more questions than you have to. For example in Paper 2, you are required to answer question 1 in Section A and then only one of the three questions in Section B.  © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics An Example Paper 2 Section A: Question 1 This is the data response question which has to be answered. There are 20 marks available for this question. †¢ †¢ You need to spend time carefully reading through the information provided in Section A. In the example above the data response was concerned with the market for onions in Bangladesh. You need to be confident in what you have read so that you are able to identify, interpret and manipulate aspects of the data, depending on the particular questions asked. You need to look at the title of the case study; this may well give you some clues as to what you will be required to do in answering the questions.  © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Economics †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ You need to look at the data provided and appreciate its context. In the example above, this was concerned with the prices of essential foodstuffs in Bangladesh and the implications of this for traders, consumers and the government. If the data is in the form of a table, a chart or a diagram, look for the important features and see if you can identify any patterns, relationships or trends asShow MoreRelatedThe Alternative Learning System1623 Words   |  7 Pagesa systematic and flexible approach to reach all types of learners outside the school system. THIS MEANS THAT by the virtue of this Executive Order, the BALS has given the authority to guide the development of the country’s ALS. Functions of BALS †¢ to address the learning needs of all marginalized groups including the deprived, depressed and underserved citizens †¢ to coordinate with various agencies for skills development of the learners †¢ to expand access to educational opportunities for citizensRead MoreEssay on Ptlls Unit 11059 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 001: Roles, Responsibilities Relationships in Lifelong Learning (Level 3) This essay is to demonstrate that I understand my own roles and responsibilities in lifelong learning. Working as a lecturer in Plumbing at Oaklands College for further education requires me to have an understanding of many legislative requirements and codes of practice. Included within these are the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), the Children Act (2004) Every Child Matters, the Protection of ChildrenRead MoreCelta Focus on the Learner Essays861 Words   |  4 PagesWritten Assignment (Focus on Learner) Background The learner I have chosen for my focus assignment is a woman of Nepalese origin, she is in her early 30’s and she came to this country over 2 years ago as an economic migrant. She lives with her with family in London and is currently studying ESOL a Greenwich Community College. Educational Background The learner I have chosen has a general level of education from her native country, having attended nursery, primary and secondary schools. InRead MoreThe Relevance Of Nyerere s Philosophy Of Education Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation from a variety of sources themselves (62.6%), lecturer being a guide (midwife) during learning (79.2%), encouraging problem solving approaches (66.2%) and lecture halls should be a place where ideas are freely expressed (59.6%) were agreed upon by respondents. Features of psychomotor domain such as; assessment to consider both academic abilities and the work done for the learning institution and community (78.6%), learners to be prepared for both white-collar and blue collar jobs (67.25%),Read MoreTodays Dominican Republic1570 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups, and many other political parties. Some of the major parties are the Social Christian Reformist Party and the Dominican Liberation Party. The latest presidential elections were held in 2008 with Leonel Fernandez came out as the winner (The Rough guide to the Dominican Republic, 2002). The makeup of todays population The United Nations did the estimates of the countrys population in 2007 and was about 9.7M. This figure placed it at number eighty-two out of one hundred and ninety three nationsRead MoreSocio-cultural Assessment1369 Words   |  5 Pagesrealising and understanding the way a child responds to challenges and change. Their responses and perceptions are based on the world in which they live. Their understanding of the world comes from the values and beliefs of the adults, community, socio-economic status, education and culture that surround them. (Mooney, 2000). When making an assessment on an individual child it is necessary to consider the background and culture in which they exist. Berger (2005), states that human development results fromRead MoreValidity Of Assessment In Education992 Words   |  4 Pagesinstruction process to facilitate quality teaching. The present senior secondary school curricula demand that variety of assessments be carried out in the course of instruction to guide effective teaching. In the apprehension of the relatively limited instruments for measuring students’ achievement in Economics at the High School level, educators specializing in the subjects have maintained to devise assessment tools for appraising students’ achievement in the subject. However, observations reveal that thoseRead MoreThe Analysis : Fleming Mills1212 Words   |  5 Pagesare read/write learners (Fleming, n.d.). These types of learners prefer to access information from written materials such as books, handouts, articles, or dictionaries. Reading the printed information and writing notes are methods used â€Å"as their first preference for taking in information† (Fleming, 1995, p. 2). Alexandra Georgeta (2011) state, â€Å"People who prefer this modality are often addicted to PowerPoint, the Internet, lists, and words† (p. 579). The read/write learners make good traditionalRead MoreEssay on Dtlls Numeracy L223 Task 2 Quality As surance1351 Words   |  6 Pagesconfidence that quality requirements will be met† (Praxiom, 2011) Why is quality important in education? In recent years quality assurance in education has become a very important factor in conjunction to governmental response to restore economic growth. John Hays, Minister of state for Further Education (FE), Skills and Lifelong Learning (jointly with the Department for education) has pointed out his speech on 15 June 2011, that â€Å"the lack of right skills leaves people excluded† from theRead MoreThe Is A Spiritual Journey Of A Students Education1424 Words   |  6 Pagestransformational development from learner to leader is a spiritual journey. It is a renewing of the mind. It is an awakening to and acceptance of multiple ways of knowing Truth. It is a transformational process of becoming which is a singularly powerful lived experience. More importantly, this spiritual journey is a deconstruction and reconstruction of self; it is a movement from individualistic academic pursuit toward scholarship embodied. The process and processes by which learners develop into leaders

The Day And Age Human Trafficking Essay - 1658 Words

In today’s day and age human trafficking is a serious problem that is only getting worse as we become more technologically advanced. It is easy to transport human beings across the border, on ships, and into foreign countries. Women, children, and even men are the victims of these individuals. These poor souls stolen for the sex trade or for physical labor as a slave in modern world. As our enemies become more sophisticated in their evil craft, so must our law enforcement and investigation agencies. In order to stay up to par with the enemy these organizations make sure they stay up to date with the most advanced programs, tools, and systems in order to not only catch those responsible for mayhem, but to give a sense of justice to those who were wronged in the first place. We begin with a history of what human trafficking is, some current cases that were followed by the world, and way we fight the enemy and counteract their form of terrorism. Table of Contents †¢ Title Page †¢ Brief Abstract †¢ Table of Contents †¢ Intro †¢ What is Human Trafficking? †¢ Large Cases Pertaining to Human Trafficking †¢ How Computer Forensics Aids In The Fight Against Human Trafficking Online Trafficking of Lost Humans In today’s day and age everything is done online. From watching a movie, to ordering your groceries, to even dating someone. But what happens when society decides to sell and transport human beings like livestock. Take a walk with me as we explore what human trafficking is,Show MoreRelated Child Trafficking Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesChild Trafficking â€Å"The global market of child trafficking is at over $12 billion a year with over 2 million child victims† (â€Å"Stop Child Trafficking Now† 1). This statement from the article â€Å"Stop Child Trafficking Now† describes how serious this crisis is nationwide. Child labor, illegal adoptions and child prostitution are the three forms child trafficking typically exists as (â€Å"Riverkids Project† 1). There has been a rising number of Cambodian children being trafficked for sexual exploitationRead MoreThe Horrors of Human Trafficking 1668 Words   |  7 PagesGlobally, about 20 to 30 million people are involved in the human trafficking system, and of those, 14,500 to 17,500 people are trafficked in the United States every year. Human trafficking is more prevalent today then ever before. It is the third largest crime internationally. People are abused and taken advantage of. According to the article, â€Å"11 Facts About Human Trafficking,† on av erage, a person is forced into the system around age 9, and the majority of victims are women and girls, with a smallRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Form Of Modern Slavery906 Words   |  4 Pages Human Trafficking Have you ever heard about human trafficking? Some people would say that human trafficking is no more in this world because now everyone become educated they themselves became victim. Others would say that human trafficking is illegal business, human being sale human being. Even I did not believe that human trafficking was here in the United States, but human trafficking was all over the world. â€Å"Trafficking in human beings is a dressing phenomenonRead MoreHuman Trafficking Outline Speech919 Words   |  4 Pageswith me as soon as possible. Would you still accept the job? B. (thematic statement): Today I will be talking about human trafficking and how this horrible thing started. C. (establish significance): Human trafficking is a modern – day form of slavery of the 21st century. According to www.humantraffickinged.com an estimated of 27 million people are in modern day slavery across the world. Anywhere between 700,000 to 2 million people are trafficked across international borders each yearRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Day Slavery961 Words   |  4 PagesTomasino English IV Nov. 23 2015 How to Stop Trafficking Women are not the only ones being sold today. Man are not the only ones selling humans today. All different kinds of humans are being sold in something called human trafficking. Human trafficking has become a problem worldwide and is effecting all people male, female, children, LGBT. There are many solutions, one of them is to educate the children at a younger age. Human trafficking is like a modern day slavery. The people being sold are forcedRead MoreCause And Effect Of Human Trafficking965 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect of Human Trafficking 1 The effect human trafficking has on world today. Human trafficking is victims have been the most disrespect and terrified people in the world. They are sold to slavery either for sex or labor services. The sad part about human trafficking happens right under our noises. I think in some cases of the Unite States some of larger companies that areRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Trafficking : A Modern Day Form Of Slavery Essay1 068 Words   |  5 PagesHuman smuggling and trafficking: Did you know that women make up 66% of the worldwide trafficking victims? The victim is usually aged 8-18, and some are as young as 4 or 5. Human trafficking and smuggling is becoming the world’s largest crime in the world. People that are caught up in these horrible crimes either end up in jail if caught, or dead. Trafficking is a compared to a modern-day form of slavery as it involves the exploitation of unwilling people through force. Karla Jacinto was one ofRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans believe but that is not the case. In today’s society we have an issue that is just a horrific as slavery back in the day. It is the trafficking of women and children. The online Oxford Dictionary defines human trafficking as, â€Å" the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.† Therefore, this is modern day slavery. Women and children are being tortured, abused, and scared physically and mentally for the rest of their lives. AlsoRead MoreHuman Trafficking Must Be Defined As The Illegal Movement Of People1706 Words   |  7 Pagespicked this topic because human trafficking goes unnoticed and is a topic that gets over looked. As we know in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation abolishing slavery, yet more than one million people are enslaved in the U.S. today. Human trafficking involves different ages, gender, ethnic backgrounds, and they are being trafficked throughout the world. At the end I hope to inform my peers about the reality and danger of human trafficking, as well share the solutions

The Pros And Cons Of Gun Control - 875 Words

With an increase in the number of mass shootings that have occurred in the United States in the last few years the issue of gun control laws has become a prevalent topic of debate throughout American society. This debate stems from two opposing arguments over gun control. Some feel gun control laws are fair and not the contributing factor to these mass shootings, whereas, others feel that there is an urgent need for strict laws in order to end the problem of mass shootings. There are numerous pros and cons to the enforcement of stricter gun control laws but we must note a few things: stricter gun control laws would interfere with the second amendment, it is not the gun that kills it is the individual, and it is ultimately not laws that are†¦show more content†¦We deserve the right to continue to preserve our protection and banning guns conflicts with that right. Stricter gun control laws would simply give rise to more societal problems regarding second amendment rights. Next, it is important to ask who are the people that really kill? Is it the gun or the person? People who defend the right to bear arms often state that it is not the gun that kills it is the individual that kills. Some feel the answer lies in that we need to introduce stricter laws on who is able to apply for license to carry guns. Gun laws vary from state to state with California being the most restrictive state to Arizona with the most lenient laws. These laws include background checks, waiting periods, and registration requirements to who can purchase and sells guns. Even with these laws in place we have still witnessed an increase in the number of mass shootings over the past few years. Implementing stricter gun control laws will ultimately not eliminate individuals from acquiring access to guns if they truly desire. State governments may require licenses to purchase guns but there remains an underground and online market to purchase guns, which does not monitor whether a person truly has a license or not. Rather than focusing on implementing stricter laws for control and ways to make the purchaseShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1225 Words   |  5 Pagesto discuss in this paper is gun control as I feel it is a hotly debated issue in the country today, especially after the incidents we have had throughout the recent years. Gun control has and probably will always be an issue that is argued for or against from all political sides, regardless, of your own beliefs one must look at the pros and cons of gun control to determine what is necessary. To address this, we must first look at the statistics on deaths involving guns and then apply the currentRead MoreGun Control: Pros and Cons1986 Words   |  8 Pages| Page(s) | 1 | Table of Content | 1 | 2 | Introduction | 2 | 3 | Gun Control: Pros (i) Disarm and Control Citizens (ii) Better Management (iii) Reduce Crime Rate and Death Rate | 3-4 | 4 | Gun Control: Cons (i) People’s Life Unsecured (ii) Women’s Safety Unguaranteed (iii) Spring Up of Black Markets (iv) Conflict with Democracy | 5-7 | 5 | Conclusion | 8 | 6 | References | 9 | Introduction: A gun is a normally tubular weapon or other device designed to discharge projectilesRead MorePros And Cons Of Gun Control1511 Words   |  7 PagesGun control is a policy that the government limits the keeping and using of guns by citizens. According to Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act Of 1968, the Gun Control Act is designed to provide support to Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials in their fight against crime and violence. (Journal of Legal Studies). Firearm is an epochal invention. But unfortunately, no matter in the past or now, guns and firearms are often misused. Therefore, gun control policy exists. InRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control897 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is an on going debated rather guns should be allowed or to be banned. Gun control, politics, legislation, and enforcement of measures intended to restrict access to, the possession of, or the use of arms, particularly firearms. Gun control is one of the most controversial and emotional issues in many countries, with the debate often centring on whether regulations on an individual’s right to arms are an undue restriction on liberty and whether there is a correlation between guns andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control785 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is a big topic in the United States today, a lot of people have many different opinions on this. They are usually about whether we should we have gun control or not. We should not need gun control to solve crime in the United States. We need laws, background checks and more. The conversation about gun control will continue on as long as guns are made and used. The argument about gun control is doubled sided. This means that on one side citizens want the government to have control overRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1329 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is an extremely controversial topic in America. There are many advocates of weapon control - individuals who wish to have stricter laws to keep certain groups of individuals from acquiring a gun. In any case, there are likewise the general population who cant help contradicting gun control laws and accept there ought to be a more tolerant gun control to moreover enable individuals to protect themselves amid dangerous circumstances. On the two sides of this issue, sentiments extend fromRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1474 Words   |  6 PagesGun control laws are an ongoing process that varies from location, to time of history. Throughout history different laws and regulations have been made about gun control across all continents on earth. These laws change frequently and will continue to do so till the end of time. Many people are either for or against these laws depending on their religion, moral beliefs and location. Although increasing gun control is used for the protection of citizens, it could be deemed unnecessary to many becauseRead MoreGun Control, Pro and Con.850 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is the most well armed nation in the world. The reason why Americans own so many guns is because of the second Amendment, which states â€Å"The Right to Bear Arm†. This amendment guarantees U.S. citizens the right to have firearms. In the freedictionary.com, weapon is defined as, an instrument of attack or defense in combat, as a gun, missile, or sword. There are many kinds of weapons and almost all of them are illegal to use without registration. Weapons are changing over times. Looking backRead MorePros And Cons Of Gun Control1073 Words   |  5 Pages Implementing gun control in the United States would only result in more chaos and increased rebellion from citizens who responsibly and legally own firearms. In doing so, the law-abiding citizens would be left defenseless against the criminals who continue to obtain guns illegally. Not only that, but the 2nd amendment rights of the United States Constitution would be diminished and the crime in the community would remain the same or perhaps increase. Gun control would not stop criminals from illegallyRead MorePros And Cons Of Gun Control738 Words   |  3 PagesGun control has become a huge political topic after the numerous violent killings in recent years. It has been debated whether gun control policies should be more lenient or more restrictive to best protect the American public. Many studies have been conducted in comparison to other countries that have stricter gun laws showing that crime has not dropped with increased gun control measures, nor has it affected a decline in h omicide rates. Other reports have shown that countries with more lenient

Teaching And Learning Of The 21st Century - 1098 Words

Teaching and learning in the 21st century Introduction Things are changing in this modern society at an epidemic rate. The world is starting to become much more interconnected and technology is constantly changing the world. We now live in an increasingly different, globalized, and complicated media saturated culture. So this Technological overthrow will have a greater change in education. Our students are facing many difficulties like increased population, climate change, health deficiency, primary poverty and other environmental changes. Therefore, this technological revolution, social, economic and globalization changes have intended for new changes and developments in 21st century teaching and learning. Knowledge and understanding: 21st century teaching and learning: 21st century learning means that students are connected to other learners and resources throughout the world, where they prepare themselves as a problem solver. They build their learning around relevant issues, collaborate through effective communication in an ever evolving economy driven world. Students explore the ways to be creative and quickly adapt to the world’s changing trends. They develop themselves as masters of the task in hand and as world leaders. Preparing students for the 21st century is not just about technology or skill for the global economy. Today teachers must be innovator, mentors, entrepreneurs, motivator, illuminators and catalysts. Supporting future-orientedShow MoreRelatedLearning And Teaching Of The 21st Century1289 Words   |  6 PagesLearning and teaching in the 21st century is evolving. The 21st century society is calling for different skills and capabilities of its members. Creativity, problem solving, and high level critical thinking skills are requirements employers are seeking as technology modifies the job environment. Schools must also adapt to this cultural shift. To help students become productive and competent members of a digital age, schools need to be informed of technological terminology, uses, and benefitsRead More21st Century Learning And Teaching902 Words   |  4 Pages21st century learning is a rapidly changing idea, both teachers and students are adapting and learning new ways to teach and learn respectively. A teacher’s pedagogy must evolve to incorporate new technology and new methods of teaching, putting focus on student centred learning and giving pupils the tools needed to create their own learning. Education must incorporate diversity to cope with the ever changing landscape of our society. Learners need to feel safe, secure and equal to each other andRead MoreTeaching And Learning During The 21st Century1733 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching and learning in the 21st century has changed dramatically from a traditional education. There has been a major paradigm shift to effectively support and prepare students for current and future work, social and school expectations. 19th century traditional education was designed to devel op industry based workers that required basic skills and performed menial tasks. However, students need new skills and capabilities to ensure their success in the global market. Teachers roles have also beenRead More21st Century Teaching and Learning Culture Provides Trust, Collaboration, Respect817 Words   |  4 PagesThe developed approach of the 21st century teaching and learning environment provides a good model for other public schools with low performance and non-adequate yearly progress (AYP) to apply. This model is considered to deal with different issues by developing specific concepts such as trust, collaboration, respect, and other positive relationships between school members. It gives the urban high school a solid foundation to overcome its problems and be prepared to adopt a change. The traditionalRead MoreCritical Thinking And Problem Solving Skills1648 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem solving skills have epitomised education throughout history. As time has passed; the education system has become increasingly complex with the integration of learning theories, pedagogies, transformative learning spaces, behavioural management and most importantly; the evolution and role of technology. Learners within the 21st Century are experiencing an education where they are taught to collaboratively communicate and construct new understandings, while acquiring higher order thinking skillsRead MoreThe Importance Of Competencies For The 21st Century981 Words   |  4 Pages21st Century Skills The importance of competencies for the 21st century has led to fundamental questions about to what extent we provide the necessary knowledge base for children and youth to be competent in contemporary and future societies (Voogt et al., 2013). It is obvious that not only learners, but also teachers need to acquire 21st century competencies as well as become competent in supporting 21st century learning. Teachers need to be prepared for new pedagogical approaches that fit theRead MoreCurrent Force That Impact Curriculum Design And Program1207 Words   |  5 PagesCurrent force that impact curriculum design and program in the 21st century education, and developing an internationally-minded learner in a globalized era. Technology is manoeuvred into our everyday life, and it is evolving rapidly which urge educators to redefine the students’ potentials, and learning to know will never be the same. Technology calls for a change in learning and teaching for the 21st century education. The vast change and innovation of new technologies offer changeRead MoreEvaluate How To Communicate And Integrated Case Study991 Words   |  4 Pagesimplement the use of technology to create a blended professional learning community across districts within our state to share knowledge with fellow faculty on how a deeper understanding of subject matter can enhance problem- solving, critical thinking, and other 21st-century skills. Goal: The goal of our research study was to understand how the incorporation and implementation of the use of technology to create a blended professional learning community across districts within our state to share knowledgeRead MoreTeaching A New Generation Of Students815 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis Paper 1 - Teaching a New Generation of Students We need to prepare students for THEIR future not OUR past – Ian Jukes The above quote by Ian Jukes resounds in the ears of our present day educators in the United States and around the world. Our world is rapidly changing due in part to the growth of technological innovations and the globalization of the world economy. However, how much of our educational system has changed to meet the demands of the 21st century? Are we preparing studentsRead MoreThe Nature Of Teaching And Learning1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe nature of teaching and learning in senior secondary schools is undergoing change. The Australian curriculum has set new priorities for learning in the final years of school. These priorities continue to emphasise learning in the disciplines, but they also include the development of a broader range of skills and attributes considered necessary for life, study and work in the 21st Century. This report builds on that foundation by examining how to assess 21st century competencies. The Queensland

Recent Changes in Indian Capital Markets Free Essays

Recent changes in Indian Capital markets Introduction A capital market is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises (companies) and governments can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year, as the raising of short-term funds takes place on other markets (e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Recent Changes in Indian Capital Markets or any similar topic only for you Order Now , the money market). The capital market includes the stock market (equity securities) and the bond market (debt). Money markets and capital markets are parts of financial markets. Financial regulators, such as the UK’s Financial Services Authority (FSA) or the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), oversee the capital markets in their designated jurisdictions to ensure that investors are protected against fraud, among other duties. Capital markets may be classified as primary markets and secondary markets. In primary markets, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors via a mechanism known as underwriting. In the secondary markets, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on a securities exchange, over-the-counter, or elsewhere. The primary market is the channel for creation of new securities. These securities are issued by public limited companies or by government agencies’ In the primary market, the resources are mobilized either through the public issue or through private placement route. It is a public issue if anybody and everybody can subscribe for it, whereas if the issue is made available to a selected group of persons it is termed as private placement. There are two major types of issuers of securities, the corporate entities who issue mainly debt and equity instruments and the Government (Central as well as State) who issue debt securities. These new securities issued in the primary market are traded in the secondary market. The secondary market enables participants who hold securities to adjust their holdings in response to changes in their assessment of risks and returns. Industry raises finance from the Indian capital market with the help of a number of instruments. Corporate have a choice of : – (1) Equity finance, and 2) Debt finance. Experience in the different countries has varied. Substituting equity finance for debt finance makes domestic firms less vulnerable to fluctuations in earnings or increases in interest rates. During the last decade, more than a third of the increase in net assets of large firms in Chile, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan and Thailand has been secured through equity issuance. This patt ern contrasts sharply with that of the industrial countries, in which equity financing during the same period has accounted for less than 5 percent of the growth in net assets. The recent massive structural reforms on the economic and industry front in the form of de-licensing rupee convertibility, tapping of foreign funds, allowing foreign investors to come to India, have resulted, on one hand, in the quantum leap in activities/volume in the Indian capital market, and on the other hand and more importantly, that the Indian capital market has undergone a metamorphosis in terms of institutions, instruments, etc. The capital market in India is rightly termed as an emerging and promising capital market. The buoyancy in the capital market has appeared as a result of increasing industrialization, growing awareness globalization of the capital market, etc. Several financial institutions, financial instruments and financial services have emerged as a result of economic liberalization policy of the Government of India. Future of the capital market In the liberalized economic environment, the capital market is all set to play a highly critical role in the process of economic development. The Indian capital market has to arrange funds to meet the financial needs of both domestic and foreign resources. What is more critical is that the changed environment is characterized by cutthroat competition. Ability of enterprises to mobilize funds at cheap cost will determine their competitiveness vis-a-vis their rivals. Changes in the capital market Four sets of changes in the Indian capital market can be identified which set the market of the twenty-first century different from what obtained earlier. These can be categorized as follows:  »Introduction of new institutions  »Introduction of new instruments  »Changes in administrative control and regulatory framework  »Some recent initiatives Introduction of New Institutions The composition of the Indian capital market has undergone a total change. Till very recent times, Bombay Stock Exchange dominated the capital market in India. The daily turnover on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) alone exceeded the total turnover of all other exchanges put together. The BSE with the monopolistic claw like control over the market was posing a severe constraint on the spread and diversification of the capital market culture. It was content with practicing non-transparent time and resource consuming trading practices that failed to evoke confidence among new investors, both in primary and secondary market. Its trading practices were becoming somewhat totally out of tune with the ongoing communication revolution in India and worldwide. In response to this, the most important are the OTCEI and NSE. What is more important is that the NSE has worked as a catalyst of change for other exchanges, which are introducing on-line trading systems. Along with NSE, mutual funds have also emerged in the country. Different types of mutual funds catering to the needs of different types of investors have been set up in the country. The increasing growth of the capital market has witnessed the mergence of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) as significant players. Their sale and purchase decisions are already having a significant impact on the market conditions. Along with these new players, a set of new supporting institutions have also emerged on the horizon such as the Discount and Finance House of India, Securities Trading Corporation of India, Stock Holding Corporation of India, settlement and depository systems, etc. Introduction of New Instruments Capital market instruments are responsible for generating funds for companies, corporations and sometimes national governments. These are used by the investors to make a profit out of their respective markets. There are a number of capital market instruments used for market trade, including – * Stocks Bonds * Debentures * Treasury-bills * Foreign Exchange * Fixed deposits, and others Along with new institutions, new instruments have emerged on the capital market. These encompass both the domestic instruments and foreign instruments. Many new instruments of finance have already been introduced in recent years. Still, the current intensity of the Indian financial market reveals that the re is a tremendous scope to deploy new financing instruments connected to equity, debentures, bonds, add-on products and derivatives. This may require appropriate changes in certain economic legislations and the will on the part of the Indian corporate enterprises to take risks and tune their decision-making to the investor psychology and market preferences. Changes in Rules and Regulations Responding to the changes in the environment, the administrative framework has also undergone a total overhaul. The earlier chains have been totally removed. The Controller of Capital Issues has been done away with. The Indian capital market has been left free to find its own depth and strength. However, it is a paradox of a free market economy that whenever chains are removed effective watchdogs have to be employed. This latter function has now been entrusted to the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was formed as an autonomous body empowered to regulate the stock exchanges, brokers, merchant bankers, mutual funds, underwriters and various other financial advisors and market intermediaries. The two pronged fundamental objectives of SEBI became investor protection and the orderly growth of the Indian Capital Market. The SEBI has been laying down guidelines to be followed by different players in the different segments of the market. Some Recent Initiatives  »Buy-back of shares by corporate has been permitted; this will enable the promoters of Indian companies to consolidate their positions.  »Disclosure of end use of funds raised in public issue in annual statements; it will impart transparency to the manner in which the funds raised from the public are deployed. This will also impose greater accountability on companies.  »One-time waiver of capital gains tax for corporatization of stock broking tickets; this will result in speeding up the pace of professionalization of stock broking operations, which will benefit investors.  »Provision of nomination facility in share certificates; this will ease procedures for transfer of shares in the names of the nominee in case of death of the shareholder. In short, the capital market has witnessed metamorphic changes in recent past and is all set to meet the varied needs of the changed liberalized economic environment. Globalization and the Indian capital market With the gradual opening up of the Indian economy, increasing importance of foreign portfolio investment in the Indian markets and drastic reduction in import tariffs that has exposed Indian companies to foreign competition, Indian capital market is acquiring a global image. Till recently, participants in the Indian capital market could largely afford to ignore what happened in other parts of the world. Share prices largely behaved as if the rest of the world just did not exist. At present, in sharp contrast to recent past, Indian capital market responds to all types of external developments, like US bond yields, the value of the peso or for that matter of any other currency, the political situation in China, or new petrochemical capacity in South Korea, etc. In short, the Indian capital market is on threshold of a new era. Gradual globalization of the market will mean four things, as follows:  »The market will be more sensitive to developments that take place abroad. There will be a power shift as domestic institutions are forced to compete with the FIIs who control the floating stock and are in control of the GDR market.  »Structural issues will come to the fore with a plain message: reform or despair.  »The individual investor in his own interest will refrain from both primary and secondary market; he will be better off investing in mutual funds. Reference http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Capital_market http://www. bostonapartments. com/loans/finance/ indian-capital-market. html http://www. advancedtrading. com/infrastructure/227500220? pgno=1 How to cite Recent Changes in Indian Capital Markets, Papers

Distinct Features of Job Production free essay sample

Job Shop Production usually refers to manufacturers that produce items that are one of a kind, for example, manufactures of automation systems and tooling. Manufacturers who produce a wide variety of items in very low volumes also fall into the Job shop category. For example, very large mining trucks are produced in volumes typically less than 400 annually. Each truck has thousands of components so you can imagine that there are significant challenges in production scheduling, purchasing and inventory control with this type of manufacturing company as with all Job shops. Job Production Job production involves producing a one-off product for a specific customer. Job production is most often associated with small firms (making railings for a specific house, building/repairing a computer for a specific customer, making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc. ) but large firms use Job production too. Examples include: Designing and implementing an advertising campaign Auditing the accounts ofa large . We will write a custom essay sample on Distinct Features of Job Production or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Building a new factory Installing machinery in a factory In this system products are made to satisfy a specific order. However that order may be produced- -only once -at irregular time intervals as and when new order arrives -at regular time intervals to satisfy a continuous demand The following are the important Features of Job shop type production system: Machines and methods employed should be general purpose as product changes are quite frequent. Planning and control system should be flexible enough to deal with the frequent changes in product requirements. Man power should be skilled enough to deal with changing work conditions. Ђ Schedules are actually non existent n this system as no definite data is available on the product. In process inventory will usually be high as accurate plans and schedules do not exist. Product cost is normally high because of high material and labor costs. Grouping of machines is done on functional basis (i. e. as lathe section, milling section etc. ) This system is very flexible as management has to manufacture varying product types. Material handling systems ar e also flexible to meet changing product requirements. Key benefits of Job production include: work is generally of a high quality high level of customisation is possible to meet the customers exact requirements significant flexibility is possible, especially when compared to mass production. performing Disadvantages include: higher cost of production requires the use of specialist labour (compare with the repetitive, low-skilled Jobs in mass production. slow compared to other methods of production. Essential features There are a number of features that should be implemented in a Job production environment, they include: Clear definitions of objectives should be set. Clearly outlined decision making process. Batch production is a manufacturing used to produce or process any product in BATCHES, as opposed toa CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION process, or a one-off production. The primary characeristic of batch production is that all components are completed at a workstation before they move to the next one. Batch production is popular in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients, inks, paints and adhesives . Batch Production Batch production is the manufacture of a number of identical articles either to meet a specific order or to meet a continuous demand. Batch can be manufactured either- -only once -or repeatedly at irregular time intervals as and when demand arise -or repeatedly at regular time intervals to satisfy a continuous demand The following are the important Features of batch type production system: As final product is somewhat standard and manufactured in batches, economy of scale can be availed to some extent. Machines are grouped on functional basis similar to the Job shop manufacturing. Ђ Semi automatic, special purpose automatic machines are generally used to take advantage of the similarity among the products. Labor should be killed enough to work upon different product batches. In process inventory is usually high owing to the type of layout and material handling policies adopted. Semi automatic material handling systems are most appropriate in conjunction with the semi automatic machines. Normally production planning and control is difficult due to the odd size and non repetitive nature of order. There are inefficiencies associated with batch production. The production equipment must be stopped, re- confgured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Time between batches is known as down time. Batch production is useful for a factory that makes seasonal items or products for which it is difficult to FORECAST demand. There are several advantages of batch production; it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used to produce several